There has been growing recognition of the importance of understanding and finding ways to support neurodiverse students. Creating inclusive learning spaces in our K-12 schools is crucial to ensure that all students, including neurodiverse students, can thrive academically and socially.

Neurodiversity refers to the fact that neurological differences, such as autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other learning conditions, are simply natural variations of the human brain. To create inclusive learning environments, it is crucial to adopt neuro-inclusive design principles and intuitive wayfinding elements, such as color, lighting, and balance. Frequently, designs targeting support for neurodiverse students end up benefiting all students.

1. Colors

Color choices in learning spaces can have a significant impact on neurodiverse students’ well-being and productivity. Bright and bold colors can be overwhelming for some individuals, while muted and calming tones can promote a sense of tranquility. Opting for a neutral color palette with pops of color strategically placed throughout the space can strike a balance between stimulation and calmness.

Using color to differentiate zones or areas within the learning space can also aid neurodiverse students in navigating their surroundings. For instance, using different colors for group work areas, individual workstations, and communal spaces can help students easily identify and transition between these areas.

2. Lighting

Lighting plays a significant role in creating an optimal learning environment for neurodiverse students. Natural lighting is preferable, as it helps regulate the body’s internal clock and promotes a sense of well-being. Whenever possible, classrooms should have large windows to allow ample natural light to enter. Additionally, adjustable blinds or curtains can be installed to control the amount of light entering the room.

To accommodate students with sensory sensitivities, it is essential to avoid harsh fluorescent lighting. Instead, soft, warm lighting with dimmable options should be used. This helps reduce visual stress and promotes a calm environment. Task lighting can also be provided for individual workstations, allowing students to focus on their tasks without distractions.

3. Noise-Canceling Properties

Noise is a common source of distraction for neurodiverse students. To create a conducive learning environment, it is important to minimize noise levels. Acoustic panels or sound-absorbing materials can be installed on walls and ceilings to reduce echoes and background noise.

Carpeted floors or the use of rugs can also help absorb sound. Additionally, the strategic placement of furniture and the use of dividers can help create separate areas for different activities, reducing noise interference.

4. Tactile Sensory Tools

Some students crave sensory input and require hands-on tactile activities to regulate their bodies. Incorporating sensory tools, such as fidget toys or stress balls, can help students manage their sensory needs and improve concentration. Calming sensory elements like sensory walls or sensory paths can provide a soothing environment for students to regulate their emotions.

5. Flexibility

Flexibility is key when designing learning spaces for neurodiverse students. Providing adjustable furniture, such as desks and chairs, allows students to find the most comfortable and ergonomic positions for their individual needs, promoting focus.

Traditional classroom setups with rigid rows of desks can be overwhelming for students with sensory sensitivities or attention difficulties. Instead, consider incorporating flexible seating options such as standing desks, bean bags, or floor cushions. Adjustable furniture also accommodates students with physical disabilities, ensuring they can fully participate in classroom activities.

Incorporating movable furniture and modular storage solutions enables the space to be easily reconfigured to accommodate different learning activities. Lighting should also be adjustable to mimic the natural light that is outdoors. Our stress responses are affected by lighting; bright lights amplify our feelings, both positive and negative. Artificial light has been shown to affect mood and sleep regulation.¹ This flexibility in different components of the environment promotes opportunities for engagement and collaboration among students, as well as providing opportunities for individualized learning experiences.

6. Group and Individual Workspaces

Creating a balance between group and individual workspaces is essential for neurodiverse students. Group work areas should be designed to facilitate collaboration and communication, with ample space for students to work together comfortably.

Consider incorporating whiteboards or writable surfaces to encourage brainstorming and visual thinking. In contrast, individual workspaces should provide privacy and minimize distractions. Dividers or partitions can be used to create separate areas, allowing students to focus on their tasks without being disrupted by external stimuli.

Providing individual workstations with personal storage options can also help students stay organized and maintain a sense of ownership over their learning materials. Visual cues and clear signage can help neurodiverse students navigate the learning space independently. Color-coded materials or visual schedules can assist in organizing tasks and creating a predictable routine.

Designing inclusive learning spaces that support neurodiverse students requires careful consideration of all aspects of the environment. Sensory elements are important to understand and optimize in neuro-inclusive design of educational environments. Educators and designers can create spaces that promote optimal learning experiences for all students by considering factors such as lighting, noise-canceling properties, flexibility of seating, and areas of high and low stimulation.

It is crucial to recognize and embrace the unique strengths and challenges of neurodiverse individuals, as we strive to create educational spaces that celebrate neurodiversity and foster the success of every learner. Ultimately, inclusive learning spaces not only benefit neurodiverse students but also promote a culture of acceptance and understanding among all students.

References:

1. Blume, C., Garbazza, C., & Spitschan, M. (2019). Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood. Somnology : sleep research and sleep medicine, 23(3), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x

Sheila Hartley is an early childhood education and inclusion consultant, BCBA, and the owner of SenseSational Learning Group LLC. She provides professional development for educators, child advocates, and behavior analysis professionals who support children with developmental delays and behavior concerns. She also provides custom consultation services for business owners and school administrators who are looking to create inclusive learning environments for students of all abilities. Sheila specializes in Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions. Play based learning is her passion and she gathers inspiration from the Reggio Emilia and Montessori approaches to early childhood education. She will graduate in 2024 with a Doctorate of Education in Early Childhood Education.